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Marcus Junius Brutus (the Younger) (/ˈbruːtəs/; 85 BC – 23
October 42 BC), often referred to as Brutus, was a politician of the late Roman
Republic. After being adopted by his uncle he used the name Quintus Servilius
Caepio Brutus, but eventually returned to using his original name. He took a
leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar.
Brutus was close to General Julius Caesar, the leader of the
Populis faction. However, Caesar's attempts to assume greater power for himself
put him at greater odds with the Roman elite and members of the Senate. Brutus
eventually came to oppose Caesar and fought on the side of the Optimate
faction, led by Pompey the Great, against Caesar's forces in Caesar's Civil
War. Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 B.C., after which
Brutus surrendered to Caesar, who granted him amnesty.
However, the underlying political tensions that led to the
war had not been resolved. Due to Caesar's increasingly monarchical behavior,
several senators, calling themselves "Liberators", plotted to
assassinate him. They recruited Brutus, who took a leading role in the
assassination, which was carried out successfully on March 15, 44 B.C. The
Senate, at the request of the Consul Mark Antony, granted amnesty to the
assassins. However, a populist uprising forced Brutus and his brother-in-law,
fellow assassin Gaius Cassius Longinus, to leave the City of Rome. In 43 B.C.,
Caesar's grandnephew, Consul Octavian, by then also formally known as Gaius
Julius Caesar, immediately after taking office passed a resolution declaring
the conspirators, including Brutus, murderers. This led to the Liberators'
civil war, pitting the erstwhile supporters of Caesar, under the Second
Triumvirate, wishing both to gain power for themselves and avenge his death,
against those who opposed him. Octavian combined his troops with those of
Antony, and together they decisively defeated the outnumbered armies of Brutus
and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 B.C. After the battle,
Brutus committed suicide.